第五章十方兄弟与学生开房
1、The first time to look at men's place in the Universe started in the 17th century.
2、In modernism， men's position in the universe was looked at in a fresh new way.
3、The outlook （宇宙不雅） of educated men was transformed. There was a profound （潜入的） change in the conception （认识） of men's place in the universe.（东谈主在寰宇中的位置）
4、The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature.
5、17th century Science： ☆physics ☆mathematics ☆chemistry biology psychology
6、The modern world， so far as mental outlook is concerned， begins in the 17th century.当代宇宙从何时开动
7、Kepler's Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation
8、the laws of gravitation （万有引力的内容）：
the sun， the moon， the earth， the planets， and all the other bodies （天体） in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force， which is call gravitation.
9、Francis Bacon's works —→ The Advancement of Learning
—→ The New Atlantis
—→ The Novum Organum （New Method）
—→ Essays （散文集）
10、Essays are Bacon's most widely read work.（流传更广的作品） 58 essays were included.（包含）
11、Francis Bacon
① Knowledge is power. （学问即是力量）
② Virtue is like precious odours — most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed.
品德像顾惜的气息－当被压碎或焚香时很芳醇
③ Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed （粗略浏览）， and some few to be chewed and digested.（翻翻汉典）
④ Reading maketh a full man， conference a ready man， and writing an exact man.（无邪的东谈主） 念书不错使东谈主成竹在胸
⑤ Histories make men wise. （学史不错使东谈主办智）
⑥ Wives are young men's mistresses （情东谈主）， companions （伴侣） for middleage， and old men’s nurses.（饶恕东谈主的东谈主）
12、Tomas Hobbes —→ Leviathan
13、the Great Instauration名词讲解
to break with the past （与畴昔违反离）， and to restore （存储） man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. （大规复表面）
14、Inductive method名词讲解
Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction means reasoning （推理） from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.（从荒谬推一般）。 Induction was put over against Deductive method.
15、All our ideas are ultimately （更后） derived from sensation （感受） or from reflection （反想） and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
16、Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.（是社会合同的签约方）
17、Hobbes —→ absolute Monarchy （帝王制）
Locke —→ Constitutional Monarchy （帝王立宪制）
18、The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution.
19、Democracy （民主的体现是） —→ Parliament （议会）
希腊民主的体现是公民大会
20、The serfdom had begun breaking up as a result of the Enclosure Movement.（跟着圈地开通德发展）
21、By the end of the 16th century， Calvinism had spread （传播） to England. As a result， the Puritan Movement was started in England. （清教徒开通开动了）
22、1689， the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament （议会）。
23、There are two leaders in the English Revolution. Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of thought.
24、Milton —→ Paradise Lost （失乐土）
选自：The fall of men （圣经的旧约）
Satan
25、In Milton's poetic works， both the Renaissance and the Reformation showed their influence. （受两个开通的影响）
26、Theory of Knowledge名词讲解 简答 贯通论
Descartes employed （使用） methodic doubt （置疑行动论） with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable （拦阻置疑的） truth. I doubt， therefore I think： I think， therefore I am. Doubting is thinking， thinking is the essence of the mind （精髓方位）。 Descartes believed that they are not dependable. （置疑是弗成靠的）
27、Descartes's Dualism 二元论
① Thought （想维） was the foundation of all knowledge （贯通） while the senses might deceive （骗取） us. This is idealist. （唯心主义者）
② The external （外部） world existed （存在）， which was independent （无关） of the human mind. This is materialist. （不以东谈主的意志为滚动）
28、Classicism （新古典主义）名词讲解
Classicism implies （意味着） the revival （复苏） of the forms and traditions of the ancient world， a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival （并非古典主义的复苏）。 It intended to produce a literature， French to the core （以法语为中心）， which was worthy of （与…相比好意思） Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism （新古典主义） reached its climax in France in the 17th century.（代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒）
29、French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival （并非古典主义的复苏）。 判断
30、Rationalism （感性主义） was believed to be able to discover the best principles （原则） of human conduct （行动） and the universal （通用的） principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided （提供的） the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.（新古典主义）
31、Molière （莫里哀） —→ The best representative of French neoclassicism.
32、Baroque Art名词讲解 承前启后的（法国新古典主义时刻遑急的）艺术形势
Baroque Art， flourished first in Italy， and then spread to Spain， Portugal， France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands （荷兰） in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity （横暴的艺术性） and sentimental appeal （哀婉的作风） with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.（横暴的明暗对比）
33、Michelangelo Caravaggio —→ The Calling of St. Matthew （圣马赛的呼叫）
—→ The Cardsharps （纸牌游戏）
34、Dutch Protestant Art 新教艺术
Rembrandt （伦勃朗） —→ Blinding of Samson （双目失明萨姆森）
—→ The Polish Rider （荷兰骑士）
呈报简答
一、Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional （过渡的） period from middle ages to the modern times？
答：
1、This advance （前进） began in science， in astronomy （天体裁）， physics and pure mathematics （无邪数学）， owing to the work of Galileo， Kepler， Newton and Descartes.
2、The outlook （宇宙不雅） of educated men was transformed. There was a profound （潜入的） change in the conception （认识） of men's place in the universe.（东谈主在寰宇中的位置）
3、The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class （新兴的阶层）， the bourgeoisie （金钱阶层）， and other chasses.
4、The modern world， so far as mental outlook is concerned， begins in the 17th century.
二、How did science develop in the 17th century？
答：
1、Copernicus： Helio-centric （日心说）
2、Kepler：
①Kepler's Laws of planetary motion. （开普勒行星定律）
②Kepler proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.
③Kepler's Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. （万有引力表面）
3、Galileo：
①He made a telescope. （千里镜）
②Galileo also proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.
③Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. （能源加快度）
④Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies. （落体表面的奠定）
4、Newton：
①He invented calculus. （微积分）
②In optics （光学）， he discovered that white light is composed （构成） of all the colour of the spectrum.（光谱）
③Newton established his name （声望） in the field of physics.
④Newton established the analytical method. （分析行动表面）
5、Leibniz：
①Leibniz distinguishes three levels of understanding：
the self-conscious （自我意志）
the conscious and the unconscious or subconscious （意外志或下意志）
This theory had a great influence on Freudian psychology.
②This theory of time and space had a great influence on einsteinian physics.
③He and Newton invented independently the differential （互不干系的） and intergral （整合性的） calculus.（微积分）
三、What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？
（Do you think there is something in common among the 17th century scientists？ If there is， present your ideas on the statement.）
答：
During the 17th century， the modern Scientific method began to take shape （初见眉目）。 It emphasized （强调） observation （不雅察） and experimentation （实验） before formulating （默示） a final explanation or generalization （轮廓）。 Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits （价值） which favoured the advance of science.（鼓励）
1、First， they showed boldness （果敢性） in framing hypotheses.（假设框架）
2、Second， they all had immense （极大的） patience （耐烦） in observation.
3、The combination （组合） of the two merits brought about fundamental （根蒂的） changes in man's scientific and philosophical thinking.
四、What is Baconian Philosophical system？
（What is the different between inductive method （归纳法） and deductive （演绎法） method？）
答：
胖子行动队在线观看441、The whole basis of his philosophy was practical （实用主义玄学）： to give mankind （东谈主类） mastery （主管） over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.
2、He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology （神学）， not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.（与经院主义视归并律）
3、Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning （推理） from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.（从荒谬推一般）。 Deductive method emphasized （强调） reasoning from a known principle （原因） to the unknown and from the general to the specific.（从已知推未知，从一般推荒谬）
4、In a word， to break with the past （与畴昔违反离）， and to restore （存储） man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. （大规复表面）
五、What is Hobbes' material system？
（What are Hobbes' materialist view？）
答：
1、Our knowledge comes from experience.（学问起首于骨子）
2、Only material things are perceptible （可感知的）， and knowable to us （为咱们所知的）。 Our own experience alone is certain （个东谈主的试验是细目无疑的）。 Men could not know anything about the existence of God. （东谈主类无法感知天主是否细目存在）
3、When a thing lies （静止） still， unless something else stirs （搅拌） it， it will lie still for ever.
4、Hobbes systematized （系统化） Baconian materialism， but basically （基本上） he was a mechanical materialist.（机械唯物主义），费尔巴哈亦然
六、What is the natural state of war according to Hobbes？
答：
1、Equality of hope arises from the equality of ability.（逸想来自于才能的对等）
2、If any two men desire （获得） the same thing， which nevertheless （天然如斯） they cannot both enjoy， they become enemies （敌东谈主）。鱼和熊掌弗成兼得
3、From this， he concluded， until such time as men live under a common power （起劲平衡）， they are in a state of war with one another.
七、What are the Laws of nature， according to the Hobbes？
答：
1、It is obviously （显然的） in man's interest to emerge from this natural state of war.（东谈主的利益导致干戈）
2、For by nature men have their passions （心思） and their reason. It is their passions which bring about the state of war （导致干戈的天然景况）。
3、Peace is necessary for survival （生计） and certain articles （条件） of peace， upon which men may be drawn to agreement （完毕一致）。
八、What is the theory of the Social Contract， according to the Hobbes？
答：
1、It is necessary that there should be a common power （职权的集合） or government backed by force and able to punish （管束）。
2、Commonwealth （英联邦）， in Latin， Civitas （共有财产）。
3、To escape （幸免） anarchy （无政府景况）， men enter into a social contract， by which they submit to the sovereign （帝王）。 In return for （算作呈报） conferring （赠与） all their powers and strength to the sovereign， men attain （达到） peace and security （安全）。
4、The powers of the sovereign must be absolute （十足的）， and it is only be the centralization （中央集权） of authority （职权） in one person that the evil （阴毒） can be avoided.
5、As to the form of government， Hobbes preferred monarchy.（主张帝王制）
6、Government was not created by God， but by men themselves.
九、What are John Locke material view？
答：
1、All our ideas are ultimately （更后） derived （来自） from sensation （感受） or from reflection （反想） and these two make up （构成） experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
2、Neither principles nor ideas are innate.（法例与东谈主的想维齐并非天生的）
3、Sensation and reflection are the fountains of knowledge.（两大起源）
十、What is Locke's Political Philosophy？（政事玄学）
答：
1、Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.（搁置了君权神授的想想）
2、He ridiculed （讪笑） the theory of transmission of royal authority （王权的世及制） by saying that there was no evidence （把柄） that Adam possessed （松手） a divinely （像神相似的） granted royal authority （授予王权）， nor is there any evidence that his heirs （汲取东谈主） had it.
3、Locke put forward the idea of the state of nature.（提议天然景况的不雅点）
4、For Locke， Nature Law， therefore， means a universally （浩繁） obligatory （强制性的） moral law （谈德法例） promulgated （发布） by the human reason. Whereas （可是） for Hobbes it means the law of power， force and fraud （骗取）。
5、Locke firmly believed in natural rights （天资东谈主权）。 The natural right is the right of private property （财产）。
十一、What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law？
答：
For Locke， Nature Law， therefore， means a universally （浩繁） obligatory （强制性的） moral law （谈德法例） promulgated （发布） by the human reason. Whereas （可是） for Hobbes it means the law of power， force and fraud （骗取）。
十二、What is John Locke's Social Contract？
答：
1、Society is out of necessity， convenience and man's own interest， and therefore， society is natural to man.
2、The institution （轨制） of political society and government must proceed （进行） from the consent （赞同） of those who are incorporated into （与…胶漆相投） political society and subject themselves to government.（东谈主要完全屈服于政府的统领）
3、Locke emphasized （强调） that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual's consent （容许） to submit （效用） to the will of the majority （大大齐东谈主的意志） and that the will of the majority must prevail （流行）。
4、Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.（是社会合同的签约方）， If he violates （违反） the social contract， then government is effectively dissolved.（灵验地取消）， This idea was welcomed （汲取） by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.（北好意思寥寂干戈和英国金钱阶层创新）
十三、What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract？
答：
1、Tomas Hobbes：
① It is necessary that there should be a common power （职权的集合） or government backed by force and able to punish （管束）。
② Commonwealth （英联邦）， in Latin， Civitas （共有财产）。
③ To escape （幸免） anarchy （无政府景况）， men enter into a social contract， by which they submit to the sovereign （帝王）。 In return for （算作呈报） conferring （赠与） all their powers and strength to the sovereign， men attain （达到） peace and security （安全）。
④ The powers of the sovereign must be absolute， and it is only be the centralization （中央集权） of authority （职权） in one person that the evil （阴毒） can be avoided.
⑤ As to the form of government， Hobbes preferred monarchy.（主张帝王制）
⑥ Government was not created by God， but by men themselves.
2、John Locke：
① Society is out of necessity， convenience and man's own interest， and therefore， society is natural to man.
② The institution （轨制） of political society and government must proceed （进行） from the consent （赞同） of those who are incorporated into （与…胶漆相投） political society and subject themselves to government.（东谈主要完全屈服于政府的统领）
③ Locke emphasized （强调） that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual's consent （容许） to submit （效用） to the will of the majority （大大齐东谈主的意志） and that the will of the majority must prevail （流行）。
④ Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.（是社会合同的签约方）， If he violates （违反） the social contract， then government is effectively dissolved.（灵验地取消）， This idea was welcomed （汲取） by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.（北好意思寥寂干戈和英国金钱阶层创新）
3、Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”， they differed fundamentally.（根蒂上的不同）
① First， Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war， for， in his view， men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.
② Secondly， Hobbes argued that individuals surrender （消灭） their rights to one man， the sovereign whose power is absolute. Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole （少数效用大齐）。 According to him， by majority vote a representative is chosen， but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement （履行） the people's will， the people have the right to overthrow （推翻） him.
十四、What are the courses of the English Revolution？
答：
1、The growth of capitalism （金钱阶层的出现）
2、The break-up of serfdom （农奴制被冲突）
3、The Puritan movement （清教徒开通）
十五、How many stages has the English Revolution undergone （履历）？
答：
1、The war between Parliament and the King： It was ended with the victory of the king.
2、The first civil war from 1642 to 1646.
3、The second civil war in 1648： It was ended with the victory of the Parliament.
4、The establishment of the Republic by Oliver Cromwell in 1649： CharlesⅠwas be headed.
5、The Restoration （复辟） of the stuart dynasty （斯图亚特王朝）： in 1660.
6、The Glorious Revolution （光荣创新） in 1688： Mary and William.
十六、What is the great significant of the English Revolution？
答：
1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated （打败） absolute monarchy （帝王专制） in history.
2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching （接近）。
3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy （帝王立宪制） has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy （目所未睹的职权） of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign's power （王权） in certain important directions.（想法）
十七、What are the characteristics of French classicism？
（How does French classicism differ from the other classicism？）
答：
1、In the French classical literature， man was viewed （觉得） as a social being consciously （挑升志的） and willingly （自动的） subject （主体） to discipline （秩序）。社会天然东谈主
2、Rationalism （感性主义） was believed to be able to discover the best principles （原则） of human conduct （行动） and the universal （通用的） principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided （提供的） the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.（新古典主义）
3、French classicism was fond of using （善于使用） classical forms十方兄弟与学生开房， classical themes （想想） and values （价值不雅念）。
